The familiar five volts standard from back in the TTL days always struck me as odd. Back when I was just a poor kid trying to cobble together my first circuits from the Forrest Mims Engineer’s ...

In the early digital era, logic gates were made exclusively of transistors and discrete components. The obvious occupation of a large space and increased heat dissipation pushed technology to ...

As we have observed in previous parts of this course, in a digital system, signals can take on only two values: high or low. These values are often represented by two voltage levels. The most used ...